Treatment Options in ADHD: Medication and Side Effects

Stimulants

Stimulants are the most widely prescribed medication for ADHD. They work by increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which help regulate attention, motivation, and impulse control. Stimulants can improve the symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in people with ADHD.

·         Some examples of stimulants are methylphenidate, amphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine.

·         Stimulants can have side effects such as decreased appetite, weight loss, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, headache, stomach-ache, dry mouth, increased blood pressure, and increased heart rate.

·         The medication can also  cause mood swings, tics, or psychotic symptoms, especially if there is simultaneous use of psychoactive substances such as cannabis.

·         The stimulants used currently are prescribed primarily in their extended release forms, which do not cause addiction. However, they are a type of controlled drug because inappropriate use of the medication may cause addiction, primarily on the immediate release of the medication.

·         Stimulants are not recommended for people with certain medical conditions, such as heart problems, glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, or seizure disorders. They may also worsen symptoms of bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, or Tourette syndrome.

·         Stimulants have been shown to be effective in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD in children and adults. However, they do not cure ADHD or address the underlying causes of the disorder. They may also lose their effectiveness over time or cause tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.

·         Stimulants should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, and lifestyle changes. They should be taken as prescribed by a doctor and monitored regularly for their benefits and risks.

Non-stimulants

Non-stimulants are a newer class of medication for ADHD. They work by affecting different neurotransmitters in the brain, such as norepinephrine, serotonin, or glutamate. Non-stimulants can improve the symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in people with ADHD, especially those who do not respond well to stimulants or have intolerable side effects.

·         Some examples of non-stimulants are Atomoxetine, Clonidine and Guanfacine.

·         Some people may also experience increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, or liver damage.

·         Clonidine and Guanfacine may cause drop of blood pressure, which may result in hypotensive episodes and abrupt stopping of these two medications, can cause hypertensive episodes and occasionally malignant hypertension.

·         Non-stimulants are not addictive and do not cause dependence or withdrawal symptoms. They can also interact with other medications or substances, such as antidepressants, anticoagulants, or alcohol.

·         Non-stimulants are not recommended for people with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, kidney disease, heart problems, or glaucoma. They may also worsen symptoms of bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, or seizure disorders.

·         Non-stimulants have been shown to be effective in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD in children and adults. However, they do not cure ADHD or address the underlying causes of the disorder. They may also take longer to work than stimulants or have less consistent effects.

·         Non-stimulants should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, and lifestyle changes. They should be taken as prescribed by a doctor and monitored regularly for their benefits and risks.

Parenting programs and Behavioural interventions

Parenting programs and behavioural interventions can be effective in managing the symptoms of ADHD in children. These interventions focus on teaching parents and caregivers strategies to manage their child's behaviour, improve their communication and problem-solving skills, and strengthen their relationship with their child.

Parenting programs typically involve group or individual sessions with a trained therapist, where parents learn about ADHD and its impact on their child's behaviour, and are taught techniques to manage their child's behaviour, such as positive reinforcement, consistent discipline, and effective communication. Behavioural interventions, on the other hand, involve working directly with the child to teach them skills to manage their behaviours, such as self-control, problem-solving, and social skills.

Studies have shown that parenting programs and behavioural interventions can be effective in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD, improving the child's behaviours, and enhancing their social and academic functioning. These interventions can also have positive effects on the family as a whole, reducing stress and improving the quality of life for both the child and their parents.

It is important to note that while parenting programs and behavioural interventions can be effective in managing the symptoms of ADHD, they are not a cure for the disorder. They should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan that may also include medication, psychoeducation, and lifestyle changes.